Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Intestinal epithelial stem cell transplants as a novel therapy for cerebrovascular stroke

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.015

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of organoid cultures and age differences in IESC phenotype: Organoid cultures derived from adult female (a-c) and male rats (d-f). Representative bright field images (n = 6) of IESC, plated in matrigel and cultured for 4–6 days (a,d). Scale bar: 25 μm. Immunohistochemistry (n = 6) for the intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5+, the epithelial cell marker NaKATPAse-α, and the cellular proliferation marker Ki67 all at 6 div in females (b,c) and males (e,f). Scale bar: 22 μm. Representative images (n = 5) for the Wnt signaling marker, Wnt3a (g) and its inhibitor, DKK1 (h), and the senescence marker γH2AX (i) in organoids derived from adult and middle-aged males and females. Scale bar: 32 μm. Histogram depicting mean (±SEM) proportion of cells positive for Wnt3a (n = 5) (j), DKK1 (n = 5) (k) and γH2AX (n = 5) (l). Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-multiple comparisons test. *: p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Sections were incubated overnight at room temperature with primary antibodies (Lgr5+ (anti-rabbit)- 1:500ul, Novus Biological sciences, NLS1236; NaK-ATPase-alpha (anti-mouse)- 1: 500ul, Millipore, 05–369–25UG; Villin (anti-mouse)-1:250ul, Santa Cruz, SC-58897; Ki-67 (anti-rabbit)- 1:250ul, Abcam,ab16667; ZO-1, (anti-rabbit)- 1: 250ul, ThermoFisher Scientific, 691–7300; Wnt3 (anti-rabbit)- 1:250ul, Abcam, ab219412; DKK1 (anti-mouse-1:250ul, Santa Cruz, SC-374574; γH2AX (anti-rabbit)-1:250ul, Abcam, ab81299) for overnight at 4°.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Immunohistochemistry, Marker

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A DKK1 serum levels were measured by ELISA in no tumor-bearing (NTB) 6–8 weeks old C57BL/6 WT female mice ( n = 5) or 2 weeks after the inoculation of PyMT-BO1 breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad (MFP; 10 5 cells, n = 7). B Tumor growth in the MFP was determined by caliper measurements in WT mice inoculated with PyMT-BO1 ( n = 5 mice/group) receiving mDKN01 (10 mg/kg) or control IgG antibody i.p. every other day. C – F Tumor progression was determined by BLI in mice inoculated intracardiacally with PyMT-BO1 cells (i.c.; 10 4 cells, albino C57BL/6, n = 9 for IgG, n = 6 for mDKN01) ( C , D) or intratibially (i.t.; 10 4 cells, C57BL/6, n = 6 for IgG, n = 7 for mDKN01) ( E , F) followed by administration of mDKN01 or control IgG antibody every other day. G Schematic representation of the therapeutic administration of IgG and mDKN01. H Tumor growth in the MFP was determined by caliper measurements in WT mice inoculated with PyMT-BO1 ( n = 5 mice/group) receiving mDKN01 (10 mg/kg) or control IgG antibody i.p. every three days starting 7 days post-tumor inoculation. I DKK1 serum levels were measured by ELISA in 6–8 weeks old female BALB/c WT mice with no tumors (NTB n = 7) or 2 weeks after the inoculation of 4T1 breast cancer cells into the MFP ( n = 6). J Primary tumor growth was evaluated by caliper measurements in WT mice inoculated with 4T1 cells ( n = 4 mice/group) into the MFP receiving mDKN01 (10 mg/kg) or control IgG antibody i.p. every other day. K , L Tumor progression was determined by BLI in mice inoculated intratibially with 4T1 cells (i.t.; 10 4 cells, BALB/c, n = 5/group) followed by administration of mDKN01 or control IgG antibody every other day. Results are shown as mean ± SEM. An unpaired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( A , C , E , I , K ), and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test ( B , H , J ) were used to determine significance. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , C , E Normalized gene expression of DKK1 in healthy human breast tissues ( n = 7) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) ( A , n = 18), HER2 + breast cancer ( C , n = 4), ER + breast cancer ( E , n = 11) (GSE3744). B , D , F Representative images of multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) of TNBC ( B , n = 20), HER2 + ( D , n = 12), and ER + ( F , n = 8) human breast cancer subtypes stained for DKK1 (red), αSMA (green), PDGFRα (blue), and panCK (cyan). The green inset highlights the stromal area and the cyan inset highlights the tumor area. G Normalized gene expression of DKK1 in the stroma derived from normal breast tissue or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (GSE8977). Results are shown as mean ± SEM. H Representative images of multiplex IHC of human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) samples ( n = 13) stained for DKK1 (red), αSMA (green), PDGFRα (blue), COL14a1 (white), and panCK (cyan) from patients who did not develop ipsilateral breast cancer (blue box) versus patients who developed ipsilateral breast cancer (red box). I – K Representative images of DKK1 staining by IHC (brown) in orthotopic PyMT tumors ( I , n = 5), spontaneous MMTV-PyMT breast tumors ( J , n = 5), and orthotopic 4T1 tumors ( K , n = 4). L , M Representative images of multiplex IHC of spontaneous MMTV-PyMT breast tumors ( L , n = 5), and orthotopic 4T1 tumors ( M , n = 4) stained for DKK1 (red), αSMA (green), COL1a1 (white), and EpCAM (MMTV-PyMT tumor cells, cyan) or GFP (4T1 tumor cells, cyan). An unpaired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( A , C , E , G ) was used to determine significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Multiplex Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Derivative Assay, In Situ, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Tumor growth was determined by caliper measurements in 6–8 weeks old Sp7- Dkk1 WT (control) and Sp7- Dkk1 cKO female mice ( n = 4 mice/group) inoculated with PyMT in the MFP. B , C qRT-PCR for Dkk1 expression in bone and primary tumor (TM). D DKK1 serum levels measured by ELISA. E Tumor growth was determined by caliper measurements in 10–12 weeks old control and αSMA- Dkk1 cKO ( n = 5 mice/group). F , G qRT-PCR for Dkk1 expression in bone and primary tumors (TM). H DKK1 serum levels measured by ELISA. I Multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) of orthotopic PyMT tumors in αSMA- Dkk1 WT (top, n = 6) or αSMA- Dkk1 cKO mice (bottom, n = 6) stained for DKK1 (red), αSMA (green), tdTomato (white) and hematoxylin (blue). J qRT-PCR for Dkk1 expression in sorted tdT + CAFs from primary tumors in αSMA- Dkk1 WT-tdT and αSMA- Dkk1 cKO-tdT mice ( n = 3/group). K Tumor growth was determined by caliper measurements in WT mice co-injected with 10 5 PyMT cells and 10 5 tdT + CAFs isolated from αSMA- Dkk1 WT-tdT or αSMA- Dkk1 cKO-tdT ( n = 8/group). Mice injected with tumor cells alone ( n = 4) were used as control. L Representative immunofluorescence images of MDA-MB-231 cells stained for DKK1 (green) and DAPI (blue) ( n = 3). M Tumor growth was determined by caliper measurements in Nude mice co-injected with 10 5 MDA-MB-231 cells and 10 5 tdT + CAFs isolated from αSMA- Dkk1 WT-tdT or αSMA- Dkk1 cKO-tdT ( n = 6/group). Mice injected with tumor cells alone ( n = 6) were used as control. Results are shown as mean ± SEM. An unpaired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( B – D , F – H , J ), two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test ( A , E , K , M ) were used to determine significance. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Multiplex Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Injection, Isolation, Immunofluorescence, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Tumor-infiltrating CD45 + immune cells, NK cells, T cells, and myeloid subsets per gram of PyMT tumor mass from WT mice treated with IgG ( n = 4) or mDKN01 ( n = 5). B – D Deconvoluted IHC images from orthotopic PyMT tumors stained for CD45 (red) and hematoxylin (gray) isolated from WT mice treated with IgG or mDKN01 ( B , n = 5/group), αSMA- Dkk1 WT and αSMA- Dkk1 cKO mice ( C , n = 5/group), and mice co-injected with tumor cells and tdT + CAFs from tumors in αSMA- Dkk1 WT-tdT or αSMA- Dkk1 cKO-tdT mice ( D , n = 8/group). E Tumor growth by caliper measurements in 6–8 weeks old NSG immune-compromised mice ( n = 6 mice/group) inoculated with PyMT into the MFP. F , G PyMT orthotopic growth determined by caliper measurements in 6–8 weeks WT mice treated with IgG ( n = 8) or mDKN01 (10 mg/kg, n = 8) every other day along with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 ( F , n = 4 and n = 9) or anti-NK1.1 ( G , n = 4 and n = 8). H Tumor growth was determined by caliper measurements in Prf1 − / − mice inoculated with PyMT into the MFP and treated i.p. with mDKN01 (10 mg/kg) or control IgG antibody every other day ( n = 4 mice/group). Results are shown as mean ± SEM. An unpaired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( A ), two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test ( E , H ), ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( F , G ) were used to determine significance. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Staining, Isolation, Injection, Control, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Representative immunofluorescence images of mCherry + PyMT cells (red) cultured with murine NK cells in the presence of PBS ( n = 11) or rDKK1 ( n = 9) for 3 h prior to fixation and staining for F-actin (green). Small, mCherry − cells visualized by arrows or by image contrast in insets represent NK cells. Images in the insets are enlarged 1.5 times. B Schematic representation of NK cell isolation from the spleen of Poly I:C treated WT mice ( n = 4) and incubation with PyMT target cells in the presence of PBS or rDKK1. C Analysis of percent specific killing measured by 7-AAD + PyMT target cells after 4 h incubation with NK cells. ( n of wells per condition = 3). D – G Schematic representation of CAF isolation from orthotopic PyMT tumors in αSMA- DKK1 WT-tdT mice ( D , n = 5), osteoblast precursor (pre-OB) isolation from the bone marrow of tumor-bearing WT mice ( F , n = 3) and isolation of NK cells from the spleen of Poly I:C injected mice ( n = 4). NK cells and increasing numbers of CAFs/pre-OBs were incubated with PyMT target cells in the presence of mDKN01 or IgG (50 mg/ml) and percent specific killing measured by 7-AAD + PyMT target cells after 4 h incubation with NK cells (2:1 NK cell to PyMT ratio) ( E , G n of wells per condition = 3). Results are shown as mean ± SEM. Experiments in ( C , E , G ) were performed in triplicates. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test was used to determine significance ( C , E , G ). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Cell Culture, Staining, Cell Isolation, Incubation, Isolation, Injection, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Venn diagram indicating numbers of uniquely and commonly expressed genes in NK cells isolated spleen of Poly I:C treated WT mice ( n = 3) and stimulated with rDKK1 (200 ng/ml) or PBS as a control ( n = 3/group). B KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showing differentially expressed genes (DEGs, p < 0.05, |fold change | >2). C GSEA analysis showing hallmarks downregulated in rDKK1 stimulated NK cells. Normalized enrichment score (NES) and nominal P -value were calculated as previously described . D Heatmap of genes related to NK cell cytotoxicity in PBS or rDKK1 stimulated NK cells. E Fold changes from baseline of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) measurements of phosphorylated AKT, S6, ERK1/2, and STAT5 in NK1.1 + NK cells from the spleens of Rag1 − / − mice ( n = 4) following stimulation with rDKK1 (200 ng/ml) for indicated times. F , G Fold changes in the percentage of NK cells expressing CD107a ( F ) or IFNγ ( G ) following ex vivo stimulation with anti-NK1.1 antibody ( F ) or a cytokine cocktail of IL-12 + IL-15 compared to unstimulated cells were evaluated in the PyMT tumor mass and bone marrow of αSMA- Dkk1 WT ( n = 4) or αSMA- Dkk1 cKO mice ( n = 6). Results are shown as mean ± SEM. Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( E ), and an unpaired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( F , G ) were used to determine significance. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Isolation, Control, Fluorescence, Expressing, Ex Vivo, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 contributes to the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity in breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56420-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Schematic representation of NK cell isolation from healthy donor human PBMCs and incubation with target cells in the presence of PBS or rhDKK1 for 4 h. B – D Analysis of percent specific killing measured by 7-AAD + MDA-MB-231 ( B , n = 7 NK donors), T47D ( C , n = 3 NK donors), and K562 ( D , n = 3 NK donors) target tumor cells after 4 h incubation with human NK cells in the presence of rhDKK1 or PBS as a control. E FACS analysis of NK cell activating receptors on human NK cells from different donors ( n = 11) stimulated with rhDKK1 for 24 h or PBS. F Schematic representation of blood sample collection of advanced breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis of bone metastases and at 15–18 months follow-up visit receiving standard-of-care and antiresorptive treatments. G , H DKK1 plasma levels, and percent of NK cell subsets in patients with regressive/stable (blue, n = 7) versus progressive bone metastases (red, n = 8) from initial diagnosis (abbreviated as I) and follow-up visits (abbreviated as F). Results are shown as mean ± SEM ( B – D ). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test ( B – D ), and a paired t -test with a two-tailed P -value ( E , G , H ) were used to determine significance. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal anti-mouse anti-DKK1 Ab (Leap therapeutics, mDKN01, produced by grafting complementary determining regions of mDKN01 (IgG4/kappa), with minor modifications, onto a murine IgG2a/kappa construct with an FcR incompetent construct D265A substitution to abrogate FcR interactions ) was used to neutralize DKK1.

Techniques: Cell Isolation, Incubation, Control, Biomarker Discovery, Clinical Proteomics, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: EvoDevo

Article Title: The evolution of cephalic fins in manta rays and their relatives: functional evidence for initiation of domain splitting and modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pectoral fin AER of the little skate

doi: 10.1186/s13227-024-00233-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: DKK1 bead implantation interrupts fin ray outgrowth in the little skate. Compare the control bead ( A ) vs. DKK1-soaked beads ( B – F ). Note the reduced fin ray outgrowth in 100% embryos implanted with a DKK1-soaked bead ( n = 21), which is not observed with the control bead. The truncated fin rays observed in association with DKK1 bead implantations ( B – F ) resemble the shorter fin rays observed in the “notch” mirroring the early stages of pectoral fin domain splitting in the myliobatid phenotype (Fig. ). See text for explanation of why the phenotype could not be driven to completion due to limited activity of the ectopic DKK1 protein. Pictures show dorsal views of the anterior pectoral fins of six different little skate embryos that have been incubated for 4 weeks after bead implantation. Scale bar represents 2.5 mm

Article Snippet: O’Shaughnessy (personal communication) with the following modifications: Affigel-Blue (Bio-Rad, 1537302) beads were soaked overnight at 4 °C in DKK1 protein (mouse origin; R&D Systems, 5897-DK-010) reconstituted at 100 μg/mL in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or, as a control, in PBS containing 0.1% BSA.

Techniques: Control, Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal: EvoDevo

Article Title: The evolution of cephalic fins in manta rays and their relatives: functional evidence for initiation of domain splitting and modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pectoral fin AER of the little skate

doi: 10.1186/s13227-024-00233-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ectopic DKK1 interrupts AER maintenance/ Axin2 expression in the little skate pectoral fin for up to 72 h. Compare left column with interrupted Axin2 expression near the Dkk1 soaked bead with the right column that shows stage-specific native expression with implantation of a control bead. Axin2 expression is depicted in the anterior pectoral fins of little skate embryos at stages 30 ( A , B ; G , H ) and 31 ( C – F ; I , J ) of development after implantation of agarose beads soaked in DKK1 protein in the left fin (left column) and PBS in the right fin (right column) with the following incubation times: 6 h ( A , B ), 12 h ( C , D ), 24 h ( E , F ), 36 h ( G , H ) and 72 h ( I , J ). Comparisons between the DKK1 (left pectoral fin) and PBS control (right pectoral fin) beads illustrate treatment effects from implantations in the same individual. In some individuals ( C , D and G , H ), beads came out during the ISH process. Former location of beads is visible and denoted by blue dashed circles. Solid purple circles denote regions with Axin2 expression and dashed purple circles denote regions where Axin2 expression is expected but has been interrupted. For all incubation times, PBS beads had no effect on Axin2 expression. After 6 h, interruption of AER-associated Axin2 expression in the DKK1 treatment is clearly visible near the bead ( A , B ). After 12, 24, and 36 h incubation times, Axin2 expression in the anterior pectoral fins was completely interrupted. After 72 h of incubation ( I , J ), the effect of DKK1 inhibition on Axin2 is diminished but still visible near the bead, suggesting that the temporal scale of DKK1 protein activity is approximately 1–3 days. Axin2 expression in the posterior pectoral fins ( L , M ) was not affected in any individual regardless of treatment or incubation time, suggesting a spatial scale of approximately 1 cm from the implanted bead. Posterior pectoral fins at 24 hpi are depicted as this is when DKK1 reaches peak penetrance. Sense probe (see B ) showed no staining. Since embryos with different incubation times were at different developmental stages, the expected expression domain of Axin2 varies accordingly. Scale bar represents 1 mm

Article Snippet: O’Shaughnessy (personal communication) with the following modifications: Affigel-Blue (Bio-Rad, 1537302) beads were soaked overnight at 4 °C in DKK1 protein (mouse origin; R&D Systems, 5897-DK-010) reconstituted at 100 μg/mL in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or, as a control, in PBS containing 0.1% BSA.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Incubation, Inhibition, Activity Assay, Staining

Journal: EvoDevo

Article Title: The evolution of cephalic fins in manta rays and their relatives: functional evidence for initiation of domain splitting and modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pectoral fin AER of the little skate

doi: 10.1186/s13227-024-00233-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dkk1 expression modifies AER outgrowth during pectoral fin development. Here, we demonstrate Dkk1 expression in cownose ray cephalic fins at stage 3 (stage 31 in skates), the only stage available for this experiment, which is after development of the “notch”. A No staining with the Dkk1 control sense probe. B , C Expression in the distal ridge of the AER indicated by purple staining with the Dkk1 antisense experimental probe on the left side ( B ), and right side ( C ). Purple arrows denote regions where Dkk1 expression occurs. While Dkk1 was expressed in the “notch” region at an earlier stage (based on ), it is still expressed in the cephalic fin AER where fin ray length is somewhat reduced. Scale bar represents 2.5 mm

Article Snippet: O’Shaughnessy (personal communication) with the following modifications: Affigel-Blue (Bio-Rad, 1537302) beads were soaked overnight at 4 °C in DKK1 protein (mouse origin; R&D Systems, 5897-DK-010) reconstituted at 100 μg/mL in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or, as a control, in PBS containing 0.1% BSA.

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Control